SENSING ETHANOL-BLENDED GASOLINE WITH LONGPERIOD FIBER GRATING: A METROLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
Keywords:
Ethanol-blended gasolin, long period fiber grating, metrological characterization, optical fiber sensorAbstract
This work shows a standard metrological characterization of an optical fiber sensor based on long period grating for assessing ethanol-blended gasoline. The sensor performance is evaluated according to the following metrological characteristics: response curve, calibration curve, sensitivity, resolution, repeatability, reproducibility, conformity, detection peak uncertainty, calibration system uncertainty, combined standard uncertainty and expanded uncertainty. The results showed that the sensor can determine ethanol concentrations in ethanol-gasoline blends as small as 0.14 % v/v, for a range between 0 and 40.0 % v/v (range I), and 0.30 % v/v, for a range between 40.0 and 100.0 % v/v (range II). However, the uncertainty analysis indicated that sensor response is mainly influenced by reproducibility and repeatability uncertainties. The result of measurement inherent to sensor can fluctuate up to ± 2.00 and ± 3.88 % v/v, for ranges I and II, respectively, for a confidence level
of 95.45 %. Such complete performance characterization is fundamental to not overestimate the sensor capabilities.
References
[1] S. Kent Hoekman, “Biofuels in the U.S. – Challenges and Opportunities”, Renewable Energy, vol. 34, pp. 14-22, 2009.
[2] J. Goldemberg, “Ethanol for a Sustainable Energy Future”, Science, vol. 315, pp. 808-810, February 2007.
[3] R. K. Niven, "Ethanol in gasoline: environmental impacts and sustainability review article," Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews, vol. 9, pp. 535-555, 2005.
[4] M. Al-Hasan, “Effect of ethanol-unleaded gasoline blends on engine performance and exhaust emissions,” Energy
Conversion and Management, vol. 44, pp. 1547-1561, June 2003.
[5] H. Bayraktar, “Experimental and theoretical investigation of using gasoline–ethanol blends in spark-ignition engines,”
Renewable Energy, vol. 30, pp. 1733–1747, September 2005.
[6] F. S. Oliveira, Leonardo S. G. Teixeira, M. C. U. Araújo and M. Korn, “Screening analysis to detect adulterations in
Brazilian gasoline samples using distillation curves,” Fuel, vol. 83, pp. 917–923, 2004.
[7] ABNT, “Motor gasoline - Determinations of fuel anydrous ethylic alcohol content,” ABNT NBR 13992, 2008.
[8] D. Sparks, R. Smith, D. Riley, N. Tran, J. Patel, A. Chimbayo and N. Najafi, "Monitoring and Blending Biofuels Using
a Microfluidic Sensor," Journal of ASTM International, vol. 7, pp. 1-8, 2010.
[9] R. M. Balabin, R. Z. Syunyaev and S. A. Karpov, "Quantitative Measurement of Ethanol Distribution over Fractions of
Ethanol-Gasoline Fuel," Energy & Fuels, vol. 21, pp. 2460-2465, 2007.
[10] H. L. Fernandes, I. M. Raimundo Jr, C. Pasquini and J. J. R. Rohwedder, "Simultaneous determination of methanol and
ethanol in gasoline using NIR spectroscopy: Effect of gasoline composition," Talanta, vol. 75, pp. 804–810, 2008.
[11] V. O. Clavero, A. Weber, W. Schröder, P. Meyrueis and N. Javahiraly. "Detailed spectral monitoring of different
combustible blends based on gasoline, ethanol and methanol using FT-Raman spectroscopy," Environmental
Biotechnology,vol. 8, pp. 1-6, 2012.
[12] R. T. Takeishi, E. Gusken, K. Raizer, H. G. Souza, B. M. Meirelles, J. L. Giacomassi, G. C. Lucio, and C. K. Suzuki,
"Flexfuel vehicle alcohol−gasoline blend ratios determination by optical fiber sensoring," Proceedings of SPIE 7004,
pp. 70044F, 2008.
[13] S. K. Khijwania, V. S. Tiwari, F. Yueh and J. P. Singh, “A fiber optic Raman sensor for hydrocarbon detection,”
Sensors and Actuators B, vol. 125, pp. 563–568, March 2007.
[14] R. Falate, M. Muller, J. L. Fabris and H. J. Kalinowski, “Long Period Grating Sensor to monitor Fuel Quality,” Asian
Journal of Physics, vol. 12, pp. 205-211, 2003.
[15] R. Falate, R. C. Kamikawachi, M. Muller, H. J. Kalinowski and J. L. Fabris, "Fiber Optic Sensors for Hydrocarbon
Detection," Sensors and Actuators B, vol. 105, pp. 430-436, 2005.
[16] G. R. C. Possetti, L. C. Côcco, C. I. Yamamoto, L. V. Arruda, R. Falate, M. Muller and J. L. Fabris, "Application of a
long-period fibre grating−based transducer in the fuel industry," Measurement Science and Technology, vol. 20, pp.
034012, 2009.
[17] J. Linesh, T. M. Libish, M. C. Bobby, P. Radhakrishnan and V. P. N. Nampoori, "Periodically Tapered LPFG for
Ethanol Concentration Detection in Ethanol-Gasoline Blend," Sensors & Transducers Journal, vol. 125, pp. 205-212,
February 2011.
[18] G. R. C. Possetti, M. Muller and J. L. Fabris, "Refractometric optical fiber sensor for measurement of ethanol
concentration in ethanol-gasoline blend," 2009 SBMO/IEEE MTT-S International Microwave & Optoelectronics
Conference (IMOC 2009), CFP09SBM-CDR, 2009909577, pp. 616-620, 2009.
[19] W. R. Habel, “Standards and guidelines - could they enhance user confidence in fibre sensor technology?,” Proc. of
SPIE , vol. 6619, pp. 661906, 2007.
[20] G. R. C. Possetti, R. C. Kamikawachi, M. Muller and J. L. Fabris, “Metrological Evaluation of Optical Fiber GratingBased Sensors: an Approach Towards the Standardization,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 30, pp. 1042-1052,
April 2012.
[21] Evaluation of measurement data – Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement, JGCM 100:2008, published
by BIPM in the name of BIPM, IEC, IFCC, ILAC, ISO, IUPAC, IUPAP and OIML, 2008.
[22] S. W. James and R. P. Tatam, “Optical fibre long-period grating sensors: characteristics and application,” Meas. Sci.
Technol., vol. 14, pp. R49–R61, March 2003.
[23] R. C. Kamikawachi, G. R. C. Possetti, R. Falate, M. Muller and J. L. Fabris, “Influence of surrounding media refractive
index on the thermal and strain sensitivities of long-period gratings”, Applied Optics, vol. 46, pp. 2831-2837, May
2007.
[2] J. Goldemberg, “Ethanol for a Sustainable Energy Future”, Science, vol. 315, pp. 808-810, February 2007.
[3] R. K. Niven, "Ethanol in gasoline: environmental impacts and sustainability review article," Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews, vol. 9, pp. 535-555, 2005.
[4] M. Al-Hasan, “Effect of ethanol-unleaded gasoline blends on engine performance and exhaust emissions,” Energy
Conversion and Management, vol. 44, pp. 1547-1561, June 2003.
[5] H. Bayraktar, “Experimental and theoretical investigation of using gasoline–ethanol blends in spark-ignition engines,”
Renewable Energy, vol. 30, pp. 1733–1747, September 2005.
[6] F. S. Oliveira, Leonardo S. G. Teixeira, M. C. U. Araújo and M. Korn, “Screening analysis to detect adulterations in
Brazilian gasoline samples using distillation curves,” Fuel, vol. 83, pp. 917–923, 2004.
[7] ABNT, “Motor gasoline - Determinations of fuel anydrous ethylic alcohol content,” ABNT NBR 13992, 2008.
[8] D. Sparks, R. Smith, D. Riley, N. Tran, J. Patel, A. Chimbayo and N. Najafi, "Monitoring and Blending Biofuels Using
a Microfluidic Sensor," Journal of ASTM International, vol. 7, pp. 1-8, 2010.
[9] R. M. Balabin, R. Z. Syunyaev and S. A. Karpov, "Quantitative Measurement of Ethanol Distribution over Fractions of
Ethanol-Gasoline Fuel," Energy & Fuels, vol. 21, pp. 2460-2465, 2007.
[10] H. L. Fernandes, I. M. Raimundo Jr, C. Pasquini and J. J. R. Rohwedder, "Simultaneous determination of methanol and
ethanol in gasoline using NIR spectroscopy: Effect of gasoline composition," Talanta, vol. 75, pp. 804–810, 2008.
[11] V. O. Clavero, A. Weber, W. Schröder, P. Meyrueis and N. Javahiraly. "Detailed spectral monitoring of different
combustible blends based on gasoline, ethanol and methanol using FT-Raman spectroscopy," Environmental
Biotechnology,vol. 8, pp. 1-6, 2012.
[12] R. T. Takeishi, E. Gusken, K. Raizer, H. G. Souza, B. M. Meirelles, J. L. Giacomassi, G. C. Lucio, and C. K. Suzuki,
"Flexfuel vehicle alcohol−gasoline blend ratios determination by optical fiber sensoring," Proceedings of SPIE 7004,
pp. 70044F, 2008.
[13] S. K. Khijwania, V. S. Tiwari, F. Yueh and J. P. Singh, “A fiber optic Raman sensor for hydrocarbon detection,”
Sensors and Actuators B, vol. 125, pp. 563–568, March 2007.
[14] R. Falate, M. Muller, J. L. Fabris and H. J. Kalinowski, “Long Period Grating Sensor to monitor Fuel Quality,” Asian
Journal of Physics, vol. 12, pp. 205-211, 2003.
[15] R. Falate, R. C. Kamikawachi, M. Muller, H. J. Kalinowski and J. L. Fabris, "Fiber Optic Sensors for Hydrocarbon
Detection," Sensors and Actuators B, vol. 105, pp. 430-436, 2005.
[16] G. R. C. Possetti, L. C. Côcco, C. I. Yamamoto, L. V. Arruda, R. Falate, M. Muller and J. L. Fabris, "Application of a
long-period fibre grating−based transducer in the fuel industry," Measurement Science and Technology, vol. 20, pp.
034012, 2009.
[17] J. Linesh, T. M. Libish, M. C. Bobby, P. Radhakrishnan and V. P. N. Nampoori, "Periodically Tapered LPFG for
Ethanol Concentration Detection in Ethanol-Gasoline Blend," Sensors & Transducers Journal, vol. 125, pp. 205-212,
February 2011.
[18] G. R. C. Possetti, M. Muller and J. L. Fabris, "Refractometric optical fiber sensor for measurement of ethanol
concentration in ethanol-gasoline blend," 2009 SBMO/IEEE MTT-S International Microwave & Optoelectronics
Conference (IMOC 2009), CFP09SBM-CDR, 2009909577, pp. 616-620, 2009.
[19] W. R. Habel, “Standards and guidelines - could they enhance user confidence in fibre sensor technology?,” Proc. of
SPIE , vol. 6619, pp. 661906, 2007.
[20] G. R. C. Possetti, R. C. Kamikawachi, M. Muller and J. L. Fabris, “Metrological Evaluation of Optical Fiber GratingBased Sensors: an Approach Towards the Standardization,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 30, pp. 1042-1052,
April 2012.
[21] Evaluation of measurement data – Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement, JGCM 100:2008, published
by BIPM in the name of BIPM, IEC, IFCC, ILAC, ISO, IUPAC, IUPAP and OIML, 2008.
[22] S. W. James and R. P. Tatam, “Optical fibre long-period grating sensors: characteristics and application,” Meas. Sci.
Technol., vol. 14, pp. R49–R61, March 2003.
[23] R. C. Kamikawachi, G. R. C. Possetti, R. Falate, M. Muller and J. L. Fabris, “Influence of surrounding media refractive
index on the thermal and strain sensitivities of long-period gratings”, Applied Optics, vol. 46, pp. 2831-2837, May
2007.
Downloads
Published
2013-08-01
How to Cite
Gustavo Rafael Collere Possetti, Ricardo Canute Kamikawachi, Marcia Muller, & José Luís Fabris. (2013). SENSING ETHANOL-BLENDED GASOLINE WITH LONGPERIOD FIBER GRATING: A METROLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE. Journal of Microwaves, Optoelectronics and Electromagnetic Applications (JMOe), 12, si9 - si17. Retrieved from http://www.jmoe.org/index.php/jmoe/article/view/363
Issue
Section
Regular Papers
